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Background: Promoting tolerance is an important goal of European education policies focused on education for democratic citizenship and human rights. In this article, we argue that cross-cultural comparability must be empirically assessed and ensured for the measurement of highly relevant indicators that serve to monitor inter-European and international differences in young people's tolerant attitudes toward immigrants. Methods: Using the framework and data provided by the recent International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2016), we examine the extent to which average comparisons of cross-national differences in young people's tolerant attitudes toward immigrants are empirically justified. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) is applied to estimate the measurement model of the concept and test its measurement invariance across fourteen European countries. Results: In line with prior research, our findings show that cross-cultural comparability can be achieved with some modifications. Results of measurement invariance analysis point to the achievement of full scalar invariance with the implication that average scores can be validly compared across the European educational systems under investigation. These findings are largely corroborated by robustness analyses. Conclusions: We conclude by providing information on further scale refinement and improvement. Limitations and implications for further research are outlined and discussed.

This Open Access book presents an international group of scholars seeking to understand how youth from different cultures relate to modern multidimensional concepts of citizenship, and the roles that education and society have in shaping the views of the world's future citizens. The book also explores how different aspects of citizenship, such as attitudes towards diverse population groups and concerns for social issues, relate to classical definitions of norm-based citizenship from the political sciences. Authors from Asia, Europe, and Latin America provide a series of in-depth investigations into how concepts of "good citizenship" are shaped in different regions of the globe, using the rich comparative data from the IEA's International Civic and Citizenship Study (ICCS) 2016. In twelve chapters, the authors review the concept of "good citizenship"; how citizenship norms adherence is configured into profiles across countries; and what country, school, and background factors are related to how students adhere to citizenship norms. Recognizing contingent social and political situations in specific regions of the world, the present books offer six chapters where authors apply their expertise to offer locally relevant and pertinent observations on how young people from diverse cultures understand and relate to different dimensions of citizenship in countries of Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The present book is of relevance for different audiences interested in civic education and political socialization, including social sciences and education, integrating topics from political science, sociology, political psychology, and law.

Leitend ist für die International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016 (ICCS 2016) die Frage, inwieweit Jugendliche in der Schule auf ihre Rolle als Bürger*innen in Demokratien vorbereitet werden. Im Jahr 2016 hat Nordrhein-Westfalen als eines von 24 Schulsystemen in Europa, Asien und Lateinamerika an ICCS 2016 teilgenommen. Damit liegen erstmals seit 1999 international vergleichende Erkenntnisse über die Situation der politischen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Bildung für ein deutsches Bundesland vor. Der nationale Bericht zu ICCS 2016 stellt folgende Fragen in den Mittelpunkt: – Über welche Kompetenzen zur Analyse des politischen Geschehens verfügen Schüler*innen im internationalen Vergleich? – Welche für Bürgerschaft relevanten Einstellungen, Identitäten und Partizipationsabsichten zeigen 14-Jährige? – Welche Voraussetzungen sind innerhalb und außerhalb der Schule für zivilgesellschaftliche und politische Bildung bedeutsam? Zu diesen Fragen werden Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund der bisherigen Forschung und Theoriebildung diskutiert und in den internationalen Vergleich eingeordnet. Die Studie bietet für Studierende, pädagogische Fachkräfte, Verantwortliche im Bildungssystem und Wissenschaftler*innen eine Gelegenheit, ihre Vorstellungen über politisches Wissen, Identitäten, Einstellungen, Partizipationsbereitschaft und Zukunftserwartungen künftiger Bürger*innen zu reflektieren. Durch eine Bestandsaufnahme des politischen Mindsets von 14-Jährigen im internationalen Vergleich schafft ICCS 2016 eine empirische Basis für die weitere Entwicklung der politischen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Bildung in den beteiligten Ländern.

The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) investigates the ways in which young people are prepared to undertake their roles as citizens in a range of countries in the second decade of the 21st century. ICCS 2016 is a continuation of a study initiated in 2009. This document outlines the framework and assessment design for the ICCS 2016. ICCS 2016 will report on student knowledge and understanding of key aspects of civics and citizenship, as well as student attitudes to, and engagement with, civic life. This survey is intended to respond to enduring and emerging challenges of educating young people in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation continue to change. New developments include the increase in the use of social media as a tool for civic engagement, growing concerns about global threats and sustainable development, as well as recognition of the role of schools in fostering peaceful ways of interaction between young people.

In this article, we explore teachers' ideas about teaching for democratic citizenship. In short, we want to understand "what kind of citizen" teachers aim to educate. We ground our study in three ideal types that represent different ways of understanding what education for democratic citizenship education revolves around: politically informed citizenship (politisk informert medborgerskap), rational autonomous citizenship (rasjonelt autonomt medborgerskap), and socially intelligent citizenship (sosialt intelligent medborgerskap). A first finding is that teacher emphasize that students should acquire knowledge that they can make use of as democratic citizens. Teachers are preoccupied with making students politically informed. A second finding is, however, that teachers understand democratic citizenship education as something more than just knowledge acquisition. One purpose that holds high priority with the teachers is that students should learn how to think critically; to become rationally autonomous. The pedagogical implication of this view is that students should acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes that helps realize this ambition. This interpretation of what democratic citizenship is moves beyond being able to make an informed choice between different alternatives or representatives. In the last part of the article education for democratic citizenship is discussed in light of the third category; the socially intelligent citizen. We find that while teachers put much emphasis on knowledge and critical thinking, there is little emphasis on participation in democratic practices. We thus conclude that teachers talk about schooling as a tool for democracy much more than they talk about democracy as an ideal or model for schooling.

Der nationale Bericht zu ICCS 2016 stellt folgende Fragen in den Mittelpunkt: Über welche Kompetenzen zur Analyse des politischen Geschehens verfügen Schüler*innen im internationalen Vergleich? Welche für Bürgerschaft relevanten Einstellungen, Identitäten und Partizipationsabsichten zeigen 14-Jährige? Welche Voraussetzungen sind innerhalb und außerhalb der Schule für zivilgesellschaftliche und politische Bildung bedeutsam? Zu diesen Fragen werden Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund der bisherigen Forschung und Theoriebildung diskutiert und in den internationalen Vergleich eingeordnet. Die Studie bietet für Studierende, pädagogische Fachkräfte, Verantwortliche im Bildungssystem und Wissenschaftler*innen eine Gelegenheit, ihre Vorstellungen über politisches Wissen, Identitäten, Einstellungen, Partizipationsbereitschaft und Zukunftserwartungen künftiger Bürger*innen zu reflektieren. Durch eine Bestandsaufnahme des politischen Mindsets von 14-Jährigen im internationalen Vergleich schafft ICCS 2016 eine empirische Basis für die weitere Entwicklung der politischen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Bildung in den beteiligten Ländern. (DIPF/Orig.)

Civic Education; ICCS; IEA Educational Achievement; Civic knowledge; Civics and citizenship; Attitudes to civic life; Engagement with civic life; Civic and Citizenship Education Study; ICCS 2016; Civic participation; European identity; Feelings of being European; Perceptions of freedom; Attitudes toward immigration; Freedom of European citizens; Perceptions of Europe and its future

Der Beitrag ist im Kontext der International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2016 verortet und erarbeitet dabei ausgehend von einem Vergleich der Erhebungsinstrumente (u.a. zu kultureller Identität) Vorschläge für eine mögliche Veränderung der Erhebungsinstrumente. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Objective of this article is a diachronic comparison of assessment instruments by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) with regard to citizenship education. The focus lays on concepts, which Conover (1995) describes as the two elements of sense of citizenship: cultural identity and perception of citizenship. Taking into account all citizenship education studies by the IEA since 1971, the respective constructs and their possible changes are examined to determine in what regard they reflect the scientific state of research and respond to demands of social challenges. While the first part of the article focuses on the role of cultural identity taking into consideration consequences of globalization and migration, the second part relates to perceptions of good citizenship against the background of changing political culture and models of democracy. The discussion on the past assessments of sense of citizenship by the IEA reveals demands on the one hand for stronger consideration of hybrid cultural identities and acculturation strategies. On the other hand, it claims a broader view on good citizenship reflecting different models of democracy. Respective adaptations in form of national add-ons in the ICCS 2016 questionnaire are outlined as well as suggestions for future ICCS are set out. (DIPF/Orig.)

Introduction This open access book presents the results from the second cycle of the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2016). Using data from 24 countries in Asia, Europe and Latin America, the study investigates the ways in which young people are prepared to undertake their roles as citizens in a range of countries in the second decade of the 21st century. It also responds to the enduring and emerging challenges of educating young people in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation continue to change. New developments of this kind include the increase in the use of social media by young people as a tool for civic engagement, growing concerns about global threats and sustainable development, as well as the role of schools in fostering peaceful ways of interaction between young people. Besides enabling the evaluation of a wide range of aspects of civic and citizenship education, including those related to recent developments in a number of countries, the inclusion of test and questionnaire material from the first cycle of the study in 2009 allows the results from ICCS 2016 to be used to examine changes in civic knowledge, attitudes and engagement over seven years.

Since the beginning of the 2000s several studies have expressed a strong concern about young people's lack of interest in political issues and their low degree of political participation through traditional channels. This article aims to describe the civic engagement and participation of young Nordic people today by investigating the extent to which they participate in everyday civic activities and show signs of civic engagement. Participation in school democracy, local youth organisations and organisations with socio-political aims such as environmental issues, or engaging in discussions with family or friends on social and political issues shows how young people are active as citizens in their own right. At the same time, these activities and networks are important for the socialisation of youth for democracy. Young people's engagement as young citizens and seeing themselves as voters and active political participants in adulthood is important for the reproduction and renewal of democracy. In this article, we address the question of to what degree young people are passive or active citizens in school, leisure and family contexts The analyses are based on the ICCS study in 2016 for Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden. ; The project was supported by the Directorate of Education, Norway. ; acceptedVersion

This open access report presents findings from the five Latin American countries that participated in the second cycle of the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2016). ICCS 2016 investigated the ways in which a range of countries are preparing their young people to undertake their roles as citizens during the second decade of the 21st century. The study also responded to new challenges in civic and citizenship education, and its findings allow robust comparisons of lower-secondary students' attitudes to and perceptions of a wide range of aspects related to civics and citizenship. The results presented in this report come mainly from data collected via a regional Latin American student questionnaire. The findings provide insights into Latin American lower-secondary students' thoughts on government practices (e.g., corruption and authoritarian government), their attitudes toward peaceful coexistence (e.g., use of violence, disobedience to the law, empathy), and their perceptions of diversity in society (e.g., tolerance of and discrimination against minorities and homosexuals). Four of the five participating Latin American countries also participated in the previous cycle of this study (ICCS 2009), making it possible to explore changes in young people's civic-related perceptions and attitudes between 2009 and 2016. Data from the international part of the study (test and questionnaire) were used to review the extent to which region-specific perceptions relate to other factors such as students' level of civic knowledge and students' socioeconomic and educational contexts.

Die Förderung von Toleranz ist aktuell angesichts zunehmender gruppenbezogener Gewalttaten in Deutschland von besonderer Relevanz. Die International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016 stellt für NRW Daten zur Verfügung, um mögliche schulische Bedingungen der Toleranzentwicklung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass politisches Wissen eine starke, schulische Sozialbeziehungen sowie diskursive Unterrichtsgestaltung eine jeweils mittlere Vorhersagekraft für Toleranz von Schüler*innen haben. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Faced with group-related violence in Germany, fostering tolerance is highly relevant. Weighted data from the ICCS 2016 are used to identify statistical predictors of tolerance within schools. While civic knowledge proves to be the strongest predictor, a discursive classroom climate turns out to be predictive for both, knowledge and tolerance. Further, the social school climate can be shown to be a potent predictor of tolerance. (DIPF/Orig.)

The Nordic welfare state has been associated with certain ideas of citizenship, the highlights of which are equal rights, social mobility, democracy, and participation. To better understand how these ideas are interpreted in the educational system, this chapter compares school principals' prioritization of the aims of civic and citizenship education in four Nordic countries as they are expressed in IEA's International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS). We discuss our findings in relation to the Nordic model of education, meaning the governance of education epitomizing the Nordic welfare state. When comparing data from the survey of school principals in ICCS 2009 with ICCS 2016, we find a consistent prioritization of promoting students' critical thinking, while items concerning democratic participation are the lowest priority.While these results are similar to the international sample, the Nordic principals' support for promoting critical thinking is consistently stronger. In the Nordic welfare state, a shift toward neoliberal policies is seen as an adaption to economic challenges with an emphasis on development of human capital through knowledge, skills, and abilities. However, as critical thinking represents such abilities, this may also be seen as a prerequisite for social critique and political mobilization. We review these possibilities as representations of a break in or a continuation of the traditional ideas of citizenship associated with the Nordic welfare state. We conclude that, for Nordic principals, critical thinking may align with the recent international emphasis on competence while also relating to the concept of Bildung, an 18th-century emancipation ideal with deep roots in the Nordic model of education. ; publishedVersion

ICCS 2016 was the second cycle of the IEA Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS). ICCS studies the ways in which education systems from around the world prepare young people to undertake their roles as citizens in society. In Latin America, this area of learning is set within particular challenges and contexts. Compared to established Western democracies, most countries in this region returned to democratic rule only three or four decades ago or even more recently, and their political, social, and economic stability continues to be called into question. Surveys have consistently found that commitment to democracy among adults in this region is not well established, a situation that makes education for citizenship an important element in efforts to establish democratic sustainability. The results reported in this publication are based on data gathered from random samples of about 25,000 students in their eighth year of schooling in almost 900 schools from five Latin American countries: Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Peru. This regional report is based on data relating to the four region-specific topics concerning civic and citizenship education in the Latin American region, and student perceptions and views of public institutions and government; peaceful coexistence; and social cohesion and diversity.

The International Civic and Citizenship Study (ICCS) 2022 continues IEA's investigation into the ways in which young people understand and are prepared to be citizens in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation continue to change. This assessment framework provides insight into the study's conceptual background, cognitive, affective-behavioral and contextual content, and assessment design. It also describes content relevant for the measurement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that is related to Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Countries that participated in ICCS 2009, ICCS 2016, and ICCS 2022 will be able to monitor changes in their students' civic knowledge, attitudes, and engagement over time.